What Are the Models of Autism?

When it comes to addressing the needs of people on the autism spectrum, there are two prominent frameworks often discussed: the medical model and the social model. Each provides a different perspective on how autism is understood and approached in society.

The Medical Model of Autism

The medical model views autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as a set of deficits or impairments that need to be treated, cured, or eliminated. According to this perspective, individuals with ASD face challenges that others do not, and these barriers prevent them from functioning “normally” without intervention. Consequently, the medical model emphasizes therapies and treatments designed to reduce behaviors seen as deficits.

Common interventions under this model include speech and language therapy, behavioral therapy, and other programs aimed at developing communication skills or reducing harmful behaviors, such as self-injury. In many cases, these interventions can be beneficial, helping individuals navigate specific challenges.

However, critics argue that the medical model can be harmful when the goal shifts from addressing genuine difficulties to making autistic people appear indistinguishable from their peers. Some interventions attempt to suppress harmless or even beneficial behaviors, such as hand-flapping or other self-stimulatory actions. This approach can contribute to social stigma, creating pressure for autistic individuals to hide their identities and feel ashamed of being themselves.

The Social Model of Autism

In response to these criticisms, the social model of autism, sometimes called the neurodiversity model, has gained popularity. Instead of framing the individual as “disabled” by their differences, the social model focuses on the barriers imposed by society. These barriers may be attitudinal, environmental, institutional, or related to communication.

The social model encourages society to adapt, rather than expecting autistic individuals to conform to conventional norms. For example:

• In schools: Educators can teach students about common behaviors seen in autistic peers, helping all students understand how to build friendships and foster inclusive social interactions.
• In workplaces: Employers can implement neurodiverse hiring practices that reduce reliance on traditional interviews, which often disadvantage individuals with social communication challenges. Alternative assessments can provide a clearer picture of an applicant’s abilities and strengths.

It’s important to note that the social model does not eliminate the need for medical interventions. Some individuals may still require therapies for specific challenges. However, by incorporating the social model into schools, workplaces, and other environments, society can better accommodate autistic individuals, improving their quality of life and promoting acceptance.

By shifting from a deficit-focused perspective to one that recognizes and values neurodiversity, we can create a world where people on the autism spectrum are supported, understood, and empowered to thrive.